Carbon flow analysis of China's agro-ecosystem from 1980 to 2013: A perspective from substance flow analysis

Research on carbon cycling has attracted attention from both scientists and policy-makers. Based on material flow analysis, this study systematically budgets the carbon inputs, outputs and balance from 1980 to 2013 for China''s agro-ecosystem and its sub-systems, including agricultural land use, livestock breeding and rural life. The results show that from 1980 to 2013, both the carbon input and output were growing gradually, with the carbon input doubling from 1.6 Pg C/year in 1980 to 3.4 Pg C/year in 2013, while carbon output grew from 2.2 Pg C/year in 1980 to 3.8 Pg C/year in 2013. From 1980 to 2013, the crop production system in China has remained a carbon source, and the agricultural land uses were also almost all carbon sources instead of carbon sinks. As soil carbon stock plays a very important role in deciding the function of China''s agro-ecosystem as a carbon sink or source, practices that can promote carbon storage and sequestration will be an essential component of low carbon agriculture development in China.     

Patterns and dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in food products in China

The health risk of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) to human being should be assessed regularly. To evaluate the contamination levels in various food products in the Chinese market and to assess the dietary exposure of the Chinese population, 11 varieties of food groups totaling 634 samples including beef and mutton, chicken and duck, pork, fish and seafood, milk and dairy products were evaluated. The average concentrations of PCDD/Fs in all groups ranged from 0.291 to 8.468 pg/g whole weight (w.w.). The average toxic equivalency concentrations were from 0.012 pg TEQ/g w.w. for cereal to 0.367 pg TEQ/g fat for marine oil. OCDD and 2,3,7,8-TCDF were the dominant congeners in foodstuffs. The dietary estimated mean intake for the Chinese rural and urban populations were 0.656 and 0.514 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day, respectively, however, the cereal group exposure were higher to the estimate daily intake and contributed 81% for rural and 48% for urban population, followed by fish and seafood which contributed 4% and 16% to the estimate daily intake. The estimated dietary intakes were compared with the toxicological reference values and showed that both rural and urban populations were well below those values.     

高速铁路对中国资源型城市区位的影响

资源型城市区位偏远被认为是制约资源型城市转型和可持续发展的重要因素。随着高速铁路的迅速发展,资源型城市的区位条件是否得到改善?以国务院确定的126个地级资源型城市为研究对象,以资源型城市所在省的省会城市和与资源型城市联系紧密的北京、上海、广州三个区域中心城市为参照对象,利用时间距离的计算方法,对高速铁路（D车、G车）对资源型城市区位的影响进行分类型和分地区的评价。研究表明：（1）总体上看,高速铁路恶化了资源型城市的区位。相对于D车,G车的影响更显著;（2）D车和G车对资源型城市区位的影响具有一致性,在一定程度上说明D车和G车在空间布局上具有重叠性;（3）分资源类型看,成熟型资源型城市既是区位改善最明显的城市,也是区位恶化最明显的城市;（4）分地区看,中部地区的资源型城市区位改善最明显,西部地区的资源型城市区位恶化最明显。在此基础上,进一步提出政策启示。     

中国东海区大陆岸线变迁及其开发利用强度分析

基于东海区海岸带1990-2015年6个时期遥感影像,分析其大陆岸线变迁,并评价其岸线利用强度。结果表明：（1）大陆岸线持续向海推进,且岸线长度缩减了495.91 km。岸线变迁强度呈现波动变化状态。岸线结构中大量自然岸线转变为人工岸线,自然岸线比例缩减了14.18%,而人工岸线占比上升了21.94%,岸线的多样性快速增长。（2）岸线平均分形维数呈现波动下降趋势,形态向平直、规则方向发展。海岸带海陆格局表现为陆进海退,陆地面积增加了2655.01 km²,海岸带受滩涂养殖、围填海、港口建设等人类活动影响显著。（3）岸线的开发利用强度加强。岸线人工化指数增加,2015年增长至53.88%。开发利用主体度由单一主体模式发展形成二元主体模式,至2015年,岸线二元主体转变为基岩岸线和建设岸线,主体度分别为30.53%和20.26%。岸线综合利用指数上升了32.42%,人类活动对岸线变化影响力大幅提高。     

冬季中国东海海水中挥发性卤代烃的分布特征和海-气通量

挥发性卤代烃是大气中重要的痕量温室气体,对全球变暖和大气化学具有重要作用.运用吹扫-捕集气相色谱法于2009年12月23日～2010年1月5日对中国东海表层海水和PN断面不同深度海水中4种挥发性卤代烃(VHCs)进行了测定,并对其来源进行了分析.结果表明,表层海水中CHCl3、C2HCl3、C2Cl4和CHBr3浓度平均值及范围分别为23.04 pmol·L-1(6.04～107.81 pmol·L-1)、18.18 pmol·L-1(10.67～32.35 pmol·L-1)、3.72 pmol·L-1(0.39～9.77 pmol·L-1)和24.33 pmol·L-1(13.44～33.01 pmol·L-1).4种VHCs浓度水平分布总体呈现近岸高、外海低的趋势;PN断面4种VHCs的浓度最大值出现在上混合层(50 m以浅).4种VHCs浓度的分布总体上受到长江冲淡水和黑潮水及生物活动的共同影响.相关性分析结果表明,C2HCl3与C2Cl4浓度呈现显著正相关,推测二者存在相似的来源;CHBr3浓度与叶绿素a浓度呈现一定的正相关性,推测CHBr3分布受到浮游植物生物量的影响.海-气通量估算表明,冬季调查海域是大气中CHCl3、C2HCl3和CHBr3的源.     

春季东、黄海溶解甲烷的分布和海气交换通量

于2011年3月17日～4月6日对东、黄海海域进行了大面调查,采集了45个站位不同深度的海水样品,对溶解甲烷(CH4)浓度进行了测定,并估算了其海-气交换通量.结果表明,东、黄海表层海水中溶解甲烷的浓度变化范围是2.39～29.67nmol.L-1,底层海水中甲烷浓度范围是2.63～30.63 nmol.L-1,底层浓度略高于表层,表明底层水体或沉积物中存在甲烷的源.春季东、黄海海域表、底层溶解甲烷的分布特征基本一致,即从近岸向远海逐渐降低,主要受长江冲淡水输入和黑潮水入侵的影响.春季东、黄海海域表层海水中CH4饱和度为93%～1 038%.利用Liss and Merlivat公式(LM86)、Wanninkhof公式(W92)和现场测定的风速估算出春季东、黄海海域CH4的海-气交换通量分别为(2.85±5.11)μmol.(m2.d)-1和(5.18±9.99)μmol.(m2.d)-1,根据本研究结果和文献数据初步估算出东海和黄海年释放甲烷量分别为7.05×10-2～12.0×10-2Tg.a-1和1.17×10-2～2.20×10-2Tg.a-1.春季东、黄海海域表层海水中CH4均呈过饱和状态,是大气中CH4的净源.     

我国东北地区地表水酸化现状

2011年8月对我国东北地区东部的溪流进行采样调查,以评价地表水的酸化现状.通过对采集的33个水体pH值和酸中和容量(ANC)的分析发现,只有长白山上少数溪流的pH值低于6.0,而所有采样水体的ANC均高于0.2 meq.L-1,说明该地区尚未大面积发生地表水酸化问题.离子浓度分析结果表明,HCO3-是水体中最主要的阴离子,而SO24-浓度往往小于150μeq.L-1,NO3-浓度更是远低于SO24-,这说明该地区酸沉降污染较轻.但是,东北地区广泛分布着风化速率较低的酸性森林土壤,导致一些水体缓冲酸沉降的能力较弱,水体酸化的可能性仍然存在.以此类推,东北亚目前的酸沉降水平尚不足以产生严重的地表水酸化问题,周边国家不应过分夸大我国排放酸性气体的越境输送导致的环境影响.     

当代森林火灾防控对策研究

我国森林防火事业应走科学防火、人文防火相结合的道路。在历史森林火灾资料散落和缺失的背景下,依据解放后森林火灾资料,考查分析表明我国森林火灾的特点是森林火灾严重、森林火灾发生地方比较集中、森林火灾具有一定的季节性并且森林火灾具有5-6年和10年的准周期,防控失误原因是指导思想缺乏科学的方法与人文的关怀、宣传有死角,火源管理不严、执行规章制度不严、防火阻隔带建设不够完善和专业扑火队员少,业务素质差;设备落后。我国森林火灾防控应该转换思路,从过去以牺牲人的生命为代价转换到以人为本的路径上来,通过充分利用符合国情的各项防火对策,有效促进各个林区的林火管理,提高林火控制能力,减少森林火灾,保护森林资源、生态环境和林区人民生命财产安全,实现林区社会稳定和林业可持续发展。     

An exploratory assessment of the attitudes of Chinese wood products manufacturers towards forest certification

Interviews with Chinese forest products manufacturers were conducted to explore their attitudes towards forest certification and related issues. Participants comprised owners, CEOs, and managers in 20 Chinese wood products companies, including producers of furniture, doors, flooring, and various engineered wood products. The interviews were used to analyze the extent to which participants were considering adopting forest certification and what might motivate such a decision. This was done by assessing their awareness and knowledge of certification. The results indicated that participants' understanding of forest certification was extremely low, despite major efforts in China to raise awareness of the issue. Potential economic benefits were the most frequently cited reason to adopt certification, including gaining or maintaining competitive advantage over their industry counterparts, improved access to both domestic and export markets, better customer recognition, and enhanced corporate responsibility practices. Some interviewees (3 out of 20) considered that certification would become a mandatory requirement or industry standard, and that this would be the only viable motivation for certification given that the financial benefits were potentially limited. According to the participants, the main differences between certified and uncertified wood products operations related to improved market access and public image. Interviewees felt that cooperation between and support from governments and the forest industry would enable the enhanced awareness of certification amongst manufacturers and the general public. This, in turn, could serve to stimulate demand for certified products.     

EIA application in China's expressway infrastructure: clarifying the decision-making hierarchy

China's EIA Law came into effect in 2003 and formally requires road transport infrastructure development actions to be subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). EIAs (including project EIA and plan EIA, or strategic environmental impact assessment, SEA) have been being widely applied in the expressway infrastructure planning field. Among those applications, SEA is applied to provincial level expressway network (PLEI) plans, and project EIA is applied to expressway infrastructure development 'projects' under PLEI plans. Three case studies (one expressway project EIA and two PLEI plan SEAs) were examined to understand currently how EIAs are applied to expressway infrastructure development planning. Through the studies, a number of problems that significantly influence the quality of EIA application in the field were identified. The reasons causing those problems are analyzed and possible solutions are suggested aimed at enhancing EIA practice, helping deliver better decision-making and ultimately improving the environmental performance of expressway infrastructure.